Imagine a nightmare scenario for any cannabis cultivator: poor yields, small and scentless flowers, deformed and yellowing leaves, stunted and fragile plants. Unfortunately, this is not a fiction but a reality that has haunted many North American licensed producers in recent years. The culprit behind this agricultural horror story? The hop latent viroid, also known as HLVd or HpLVd which causes dudding’s disease in cannabis plants. Join us as we explore this new threat to cannabis cultivation and learn how to safeguard your crop.

In the picture on the left a control hop plant and on the right a hop plant infected with HLVd. An abnormal growth of the hop leaves is shown. Similar symptoms are also detected in infected hemp plants. Image source: Adkar-Purushothama, C.R.; Sano, T.; Perreault, J.-P. Hop Latent Viroid: A Hidden Threat to the Cannabis Industry. Viruses 2023, 15, 681. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030681
In the picture on the left a control hop plant and on the right a hop plant infected with HLVd. An abnormal growth of the hop leaves is shown. Similar symptoms are also detected in infected cannabis plants. Image source: Adkar-Purushothama, C.R.; Sano, T.; Perreault, J.-P. Hop Latent Viroid: A Hidden Threat to the Cannabis Industry. Viruses 2023, 15, 681. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030681

Understanding the Hop Latent Viroid (HLVd) and Its Implications:

Viroids, the simplest known infectious agents, exclusively target plants. Structurally composed of a single molecule—RNA, a type of genetic material—they lack proteins and aren’t considered living entities. With around 300 viroids that specifically infect plants, their selectivity is remarkable. Each type of viroid infects exclusively a certain type of plant, or plants, within the same genus.
One such viroid is the hop latent viroid (HLVd), originally affecting hop plants worldwide. However, it has now become a significant concern for cannabis cultivators. Due to the close botanical relationship between hops and cannabis, the viroid’s resources for infecting one type of plant are useful for infecting the other because of their similarity.

The picture shows a healthy hop plant in its flowering phase. Certain similarities can be observed between the morphology of hemp plants and hop plants due to their phylogenetic closeness.
The picture shows a healthy hop plant in its flowering phase. Certain similarities can be observed between the morphology of cannabis and hops due to their phylogenetic closeness.

Sadly, infection rates in cannabis plants have skyrocketed in the USA and Canada. Especially in the state of California, where a 2021 survey made with 200,000 tissue tests found that around 90% of cannabis crops have already suffered from this infestation. This issue transcends borders, spreading rapidly to regions like South America and Europe, fueled by globalisation.

 

Impact on Cannabis Plants:

While most HLVd-infected plants remain asymptomatic, research on hop plants has shown a decrease in both alpha-bitter acids and terpene content in hop cones, affecting their economic value.
Unfortunately, the same is true for cannabis plants. Plants affected by HLVd often produce lower yields and the harvest is of poorer quality. This is due to a reduction of up to 50% in the production of cannabinoids and terpenes.

With smaller and less compact flowers, poor aromas and less trichome production, the economic loss can be massive, as shown by another survey by Dark Heart Nursery Research which estimates that this disease can cause losses of up to 4 billion dollars per year for the cannabis industry.

Comparison between a healthy plant (right) and a plant affected by HLVd (left), where the influence of the viroid on trichome production is clearly visible.  Source: Dark Heart Nursery
Comparison between a healthy plant (right) and a plant affected by HLVd (left), where the influence of the viroid on trichome production is clearly visible. Source: Dark Heart Nursery

Identifying HLVd Infection and Symptoms:

 

Although once we detect the symptoms it will be too late for that plant, by doing so we can save the rest of our crop.

 

HLVd systematically moves through the plant’s phloem over approximately six weeks. So, detecting it early is challenging as symptoms appear on leaves after the roots are already infected, leading to widespread infection throughout the plant, but these are the symptoms we should look for:

  • Shorter internodal spacing, stunted growth, less vigorous and brittle stems, overall weaker plant.
  • Lower water, so also nutrient, uptake, which also contributes to this poor development.
  • As for the leaves, smaller leaves, not well developed and also, chlorosis can be seen where the infection is spreading.
HLV symptoms in vegetative growth: HLVd-infected plant (left) vs. control individual (right). Image source: Medical Genomics
HLV symptoms in vegetative growth: HLVd-infected plant (left) vs. control individual (right). Image source: Medical Genomics

Recognizing an HLVd infection becomes particularly evident during the flowering stage, when obviously it’s too late.
Indeed, the concentration of detectable viroid is higher during this phase compared to the vegetative stage. Although researchers are still unravelling the mystery behind this phenomenon, one of the main hypotheses is that increased plant stress may play a role.

Left picture is a control plant and the right picture is a plant infected with HLVd. The detailed images show a comparison between an abnormal growth of the top leaves. Image source: Adkar-Purushothama, C.R.; Sano, T.; Perreault, J.-P. Hop Latent Viroid: A Hidden Threat to the Cannabis Industry. Viruses 2023, 15, 681. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030681
Left picture is a cannabis control plant and the right picture is a plant infected with HLVd. The detailed images show a comparison between an abnormal growth of the top leaves. Image source: Adkar-Purushothama, C.R.; Sano, T.; Perreault, J.-P. Hop Latent Viroid: A Hidden Threat to the Cannabis Industry. Viruses 2023, 15, 681. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030681

As in the vegetative phase, HLVd-infected plants at flowering are smaller than healthy ones. In addition, they may show unexpected yellowing of leaves near the buds, reflecting the scenario depicted in the attached photo.

Plants infected with HLVd exhibit characteristic yellowing of leaves near the bud sites. Image credit: Zamir Punja, PhD (Medical Genomics)
Plants infected with HLVd exhibit characteristic yellowing of leaves near the bud sites. Image credit: Zamir Punja, PhD (Medical Genomics)

Preventing HLVd Infection:

STEP 1 – Inspection: Regularly check all incoming cannabis plants and products for potential HLVd contamination. Analysing plants and products for HLVd contaminants before introducing them to the facility is a crucial preventive measure.

Sampling and testing plants before entering your room is the best way to avoid introducing HLVd into your crop.
Sampling and testing plants before entering your room is the best way to avoid introducing HLVd into your crop.

STEP 2 – Quarantine: Implement a 30-day quarantine for newly received plants to assess potential plant pathogens. Since HLVd infection is often asymptomatic in many cannabis cultivars, analysing new plants during the third week of quarantine is recommended.

 

STEP 3 – Sterile Environment and Tool Disinfection: HLVd primarily spreads through cuttings, contaminated tools, and mechanical means. Using a 10% bleach solution is a well-known practice to clean tools and eliminate the viroid, reducing the risk of spread.

Between working on one plant and the next, remember to properly disinfect tools and your hands, or gloves, to avoid passing the infection in case the plant is asymptomatic.
Between working on one plant and the next, remember to properly disinfect tools and your hands, or gloves, to avoid passing the infection in case the plant is asymptomatic.

STEP 4 – Affected Plant Material Removal: Given the lack of control measures for viroid-associated diseases, timely identification and removal of infected plants are crucial. The absence of visible symptoms challenges cultivators to contain these viroids effectively.

 

Can an HLVd-Infected Plant be Cured?

Unfortunately, the answer is no.
Viroids are not like pests that can be eliminated. Since they are not alive, they cannot be killed. The only way to rid your crop of the infection is to eliminate any plant or plant material, including cuttings, seeds, or flowers, originating from infected plants. Thoroughly disinfect all equipment and materials, as outlined earlier, to prevent further spread.

 

To sum up everything…

As cannabis cultivators, staying informed and implementing stringent preventive measures is key to safeguarding your crops against the increasing threat of HLVd. By adopting a proactive approach and following these guidelines, you can fortify your cultivation practices and ensure a thriving cannabis crop. Happy growing!


*This content is intended for educational and entertainment purposes ONLY.
We DO NOT endorse or promote illegal activities related to cannabis.
Please adhere to the laws and regulations of your jurisdiction regarding cannabis use.

 


Sources:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQTRWQuUCzY&ab_channel=MedicinalGenomics
https://medicinalgenomics.com/hop-latent-viroid-in-cannabis/
https://stratcann.com/insight/the-hop-latent-viroids-warning-shot-to-the-canadian-cannabis-industry/
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/3/681#
https://phylos.bio/blog/hop-latent-viroid-discovery-in-cannabis
Dark Heart Nursery Research Survey: https://www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com/news/cannabis-hop-latent-viroid-infections-dark-heart-nursery-crop-loss/

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